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Chronology of Discoveries
Here is a chronology of the most important discoveries surrounding calcifying
nanoparticles:
| 1985 | Olavi Kajander observes
nanoscale particles in vitro, forming a community, as contaminants
in mammalian cell cultures. He surmises that they may be alive.
Labs fail to grow them due to the particles’ special properties. |
| 1986 | Robert Folk observes nanoscale entities in geological formations, but he does not publish findings for years. |
| 1986/87 | Kajander observes that some of the particles he found earlier seem to have a hard surface. |
| 1987 | Kajander discovers the particles in human blood. |
| 1988 | Kajander takes first electron microscope
pictures of them and develops polyclonal antibodies to detect them. |
| 1990 | Kajander files for patent for nanobacteria, plus culturing and antibody methods. |
| 1991 | Neva Ciftcioglu and Kajander develop new monoclonal antibodies to detect nanobacteria. |
| 1992 | Kajander is awarded a patent for nanobacteria and related detection methods. |
| 1992 | Ciftcioglu discovers that nanobacteria make mineralized "igloo-like" structures. These explained the hard surfaces observed earlier. |
| 1992 | Kajander et al. publish one of the first abstracts on blood nanobacteria. |
| 1992 | Ciftcioglu and Kajander optimize the
culturing process by developing a medium that makes nanobacteria
grow quickly and produces colonies on solid media. |
| 1993 | Kajander and his company optimize methods for detecting nanobacteria antigen as a prototype for the commercial methods used today. |
| 1996 | David McKay et al. announce discovery of nanoscale organisms in a meteorite. A controversy over nanobacteria begins. |
| 1997 | Ciftcioglu, Kajander et al. announce discovery of potential nanobacteria contamination in antibody products. |
| 1997 | Akerman, Kuikka, Ciftcioglu, Parkkinen,
Bergstrom, Kuronen, and Kajander announce discovery that nanobacteria
replicate in rabbits, fulfi lling part of Koch’s postulate. |
| 1998 | Ciftcioglu and Kajander announce discoveries
that EDTA unroofs nanobacteria and that tetracycline kills them,
then apply for a patent which was later allowed by European and American agencies. |
| 1998 | Ciftcioglu and Kajander announce discovery
of nanobacteria in kidney stones. The story is covered by journals
and news services worldwide. |
| 1998 | N. Ciftcioglu, V. Ciftcioglu, H. Vali, E. Turcott, and O. Kajander announce discovery of nanobacteria in dental stones. |
| 1998 | Philippa J. R. Uwins et al. announce discovery of nano-organisms ("nanobes") in Australian sandstone. This receives media coverage. |
| 1999 | László Puskás, who had met Kajander and Ciftcioglu earlier, detects nanobacteria in atherosclerotic plaque and submits to journals but cannot get fi ndings published. |
| 1999 | Nanobac Oy, a Finnish start-up company, begins using tests for diagnosing nanobacteria in patients with heart and kidney disease. |
| 1999-2000 | Gary Mezo develops a compounded formula
to treat heart disease. This was later reformulated to include tetracycline, based on Ciftcioglu and Kajander’s discoveries. |
| 1999-2000 | Mezo meets Kajander and Ciftcioglu, then adds tetracycline to his prescription treatment to kill nanobacteria. |
| 1999-2000 | Charges against Kajander that his investigations into nanobacteria were fraudulent are offi cially investigated and dismissed as groundless. |
| 2000 | Garcia-Cuerpo et al. fulfill Koch's postulates for proving nanobacteria as infectious agents. |
| 2000 | Thomas Hjelle, Marcia Miller-Hjelle, Ciftcioglu et al. announce discovery of nanobacteria in Polycystic Kidney Disease. |
| 2001 | Ciftcioglu and Kajander announce detection of nanobacteria in viral vaccines as reported by Vaccines Today and New Scientist. |
| 2001 | First Nanobacteria Symposium held in Kuopio, Finland brings nanobacteria researchers together. |
| 2002 | Nanobac Pharmaceuticals licenses Nanobac Oy laboratory tests for detecting nanobacteria. |
| 2002 | Karl Stetter et al. announce discovery of nanoarchaeae in volcanic events and sequence the organism's DNA. |
| 2002 | American cardiologists begin to report that their patients have sustained reductions in heart disease markers after treatment with nanobiotics. |
| 2002 | Rasmussen et al. duplicate Laszlo Puskas work, finding nanobacteria in atherosclerotic plaque. |
| 2002 | Ciftcioglu and Kajander announce discovery of contamination of gamma globulin products with nanobacteria. |
| 2002 | Benedict Maniscalco et al. conduct first independently monitored clinical trial of nanobiotics in heart disease patients after being approached by Gary Mezo. |
| 2003 | Martin Kerner et al. announce discovery of nanoscale entities that replicate in bacteria-like ways in polluted river water. |
| 2003 | Maniscalco completes first clinical trial of nanobiotics and announces preliminary significant reductions in calcium scores and other markers of atherosclerosis. |
| 2003 | Kajander, Maniscalco, Aho, and Mezo put forward unified theory of atherogenesis and treatment based on nanobacteria. |
| 2003 | Roland Sedivy and Walter B. Battistutti announce discovery of nanobacteria in calcified adenocarcinomas in ovarian cancer. |
| 2003 | Nanobac Pharmaceuticals becomes the first publicly traded research company to focus exclusively on development of nanobacteria-related products. |
| 2004 | Madhu Khullar, S. K. Sharma, S. K. Singh,
Pratibha Bajwa, Farooq A. Sheikh, Vandana Relan and Meera Sharma
announce that they have isolated nanobacteria from human renal stones. |
| 2004 | The Sino-Finland Nanobacteria Co-Operation
Center, an international institute devoted to the study of nanobacteria
is started by the University of Kuopio in Finland and the Second
Affiliated Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China. |
| 2004 | Tomislav M. Jelic, Amer M. Malas, Samuel S. Groves, Bo Jin, Paul F. Mellen, Garry Osborne, Rod Roque, James G. Rosencrance, and Ho-Huang Chang, announce discovery of nanobacteria in the heart valve of an end-stage diabetes patient. |
| 2004 | Lieske et al. announce that they have found RNA-synthesizing nano-organisms in cardio-vascular disease. |
| 2004 |
Stephen Epstein and Jianhui Zhu discover a correlation
between high levels of calcium deposits in coronary arteries of
patients and |
| 2005 | Ciftcioglu, R. S. Haddad, D. C. Golden, D. R. Morrison, and D. S. McKay announce that nanobacteria grow faster in microgravity which may explain increased kidney stone formation in astronauts during space flights. |
| 2005 | Wen, Y., Y. G. Li, Z. L. Yang, X. J. Wang, H. Wei, W. Liu, X. Y. Miao, Q. W. Wang, S. F. Huang, J. Yang, Kajander, and Ciftcioglu annouce that they have detected nanobacteria in serum, bile, and gallbladder mucosa of patients with cholecystolithiasis. |
| 2005 | Daniel Shoskes, K. Thomas, and E. Gomez annouce promising results from small trial using antinanobacterial therapy in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and prostatic stones. |
| 2006 | Tsurumoto T., T. Matsumoto, A. Yonekura, and H. Shindo annouce the detection of nanobacteria-like particles in human arthritic synovial fluids. |
©Courtesy of Mulhall/Hansen from their book
The Calcium Bomb.
The Nanobacteria Link to Heart Disease and Cancer, 2005. Reproduction
without permission is prohibited.
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